Cultural Characteristics of India Essay Example for Free

Social Characteristics of India Essay With the greater part of the workforce being in agribusiness, benefits in any case, is the greatest contributing component the financial development in India. The data innovation (IT) division is the place the vast majority of the development is occurring. Numerous organizations in the United States are starting to redistribute their assistance work area and programming claims to fame to India where the work is less expensive and there are a wealth of qualified people. Truth be told a significant number of the positions you find in IT are filled by individuals local to India just on the grounds that preparation for these claims to fame is constrained in the U. S. For instance, on the off chance that you were hoping to employ an Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) engineer it is exceptionally impossible that you will discover a U. S. resident with these ranges of abilities, and on the off chance that you did the U. S. up-and-comer would positively be requesting more cash. India’s capacity to prepare profoundly qualified IT experts and capacity to give less expensive work will keep on adding to their expansion in financial development. Eventually, it is those social attributes we have talked about in class that has driven India to such a great amount of development throughout the most recent decade. They are a collectivist society, with an enormous force separation and an alternate arrangement of significant worth directions from our own. Advanced education is of highest significance, and as a rule, considerably more significant than relational connections. This is clear of the way that they place such a great amount of significance on one’s training and its connection to family status while choosing a lady of the hour/groom in an orchestrated marriage. India is viewed as an enormous force separation culture on the grounds that there is an unmistakable progressive system inside the family, â€Å"the father controls legitimately, trailed by the oldest child and descending the stepping stool by age and sex† (Neuliep, 2009. 9). Inside the Indian culture the youngsters are required to be loyal and numerous Indian kids feel that their folks truly don’t comprehend what it resembles to experience childhood in today’s different society. Indian guardians conti nually anticipate that their kids should go to the correct schools, just chat with individuals who share the equivalent social foundations and to wed inside their own race and religion. There are various religions in India which include: Muslim, Hindu, Christian and Sikh. In India, despite the fact that you may have a similar ethnicity in the event that you don't have a similar strict convictions, marriage is taboo. In my examination I have gone over a typical subject inside the Indian culture, and that will be that Indian parent’s love to babble about everything; they continually talk about who got into what school, and who is getting hitched to whom. It’s not to state that Indian guardians don’t need what’s best for their youngsters since they do. In the article Indian Parents and Societal Pressure the writer Arti Nehru states, â€Å"The extremely dismal part pretty much the entirety of this is guardians genuinely need their youngsters to be upbeat. Be that as it may, they are unsupportive in numerous occurrences since they stress over ne thing: What will individuals say? † The Indian culture is even more a collectivist culture who tends to pressure the significance of a gathering over the significance of the person. Neuliep affirms that, â€Å"In collectivist societies, individuals are not seen as segregated people. Individuals consider themselves to be rel iant with others their (e. g. , their ingroup), where duty is shared and responsibility is aggregate. A person’s character is characterized by their gathering memberships† (Neuliep, 2009. Pg. 41). The majority of their qualities originate from their conventional convictions, their strict commitment and their common otherworldliness. It is these worth directions that shape the manner in which the Indian culture speaks with people in their own way of life just as with people outside of their way of life. Qualities can influence the manner in which individuals convey inside their own way of life and with individuals of various societies. They are â€Å"evaluative convictions that integrate emotional and intellectual components to arrange individuals to the world in which they live† (Mooney, 2001, 2828). The worth direction model is utilized to look at high-setting societies, for example, the Indian collectivist culture with low-setting individualistic societies, for example, the United States. It very well may be separated into six unique classes: self, family, society, human instinct, nature, and heavenly. In a collectivist culture, for example, the Indian culture â€Å"self† alludes to how one may see themselves in relationship to other people, and can additionally be separated into three diverse sub-classifications: self-personality, age, and movement. In India self-personality would recommend that individuals esteem congruity and participation. In India individuals are â€Å"interdependent with others, and for them, duty and responsibility are shared and partitioned among the gathering individuals. † (Neulip, 2009, 63-64). Age for a collectivist, high-setting society is respected when they are old and then again, in an individualistic, low-setting society, age is appreciated when they are youthful. In a collectivist culture like India the individuals tend be profound and accept that individuals should grasp life. The movement one performs every day is of less significance in a nation like India. While in the United States, action ften alludes to how individuals recognize themselves through their exercises, for example, their callings and occupations. In many cases when Americans are asked what their identity is, they will reply with their job; showing that they will in general partner what their identity is, with what they do. Family inside a collectivist culture, for example, India will in general be progressively l egitimate in nature. The â€Å"head of the household† will settle on the choices instead of having everybody cooperate as a majority rules system when deciding. In India, families are less versatile, and will consistently endeavor to plunk down together when having supper. There is regularly an exacting chain of command that is followed among relatives with the man of the house being at the top. The people in Indian families include altogether different jobs inside the family, which concur with one’s hierarchal force. The male of the house settles on the choices, accommodates the family and the ladies intermittently make the suppers around evening time and deal with the kids. In Indi,a family is a significant idea and marriage is viewed as holy and is intended to last an actual existence time. The term â€Å"society† in India can be separated into two classifications: social correspondence and gathering enrollment. As per Neuliep â€Å"social correspondence alludes to the common trades individuals make in their dealings with others† (65). In collectivist societies like India, in the event that one approaches another for some help it is normal that an equivalent trade of favors will happen. In India, bunch enrollment is frequently an inescapable convention; they tend to join just a couple of various gatherings over a real existence time. In the United States participation in a gathering is typically fleeting, while in India individuals are profoundly specific and gathering enrollment is generally a drawn out duty. This thought of a drawn out responsibility to a gathering comes from those equivalent social qualities that marriage does. In India, they practice masterminded relationships and it is viewed as a long lasting responsibility that is seen as holy. What may appear to be bizarre to the adolescent in the United States is really grasped by youth in India. Numerous kids in India feel that it enables them to concentrate on their childhood, and their instruction without the interruption or stress that a pre-adulthood relationship can bring to the image. It is additionally said that the adolescent in India â€Å"feel secure in their parent’s capacity to pick an adequate accomplice for them, believing that their folks have enough understanding and information to do as such without making a sad situation† (Galt, 2011, 2). Numerous societies like India accept that when relationships are not pre-organized they will in general wear out too rapidly. They trust it is on the grounds that the two individuals have just been able to know one another, as opposed to hanging out after marriage becoming acquainted with one another. Wedding an individual you don’t know gives one a lifetime to figure out how to adore them, instead of the American perfect of learning an individual all around before going into marriage† (Galt, 2011, 3). In the United States, many accept that the possibility of a masterminded marriage is something that is constrained upon the two getting hitched. This anyway isn’t valid, in India before a marriage can become official the lady of the hour and husband to be are managed the chance to meet each other to choose if they might want to go ahead with the marriage. You may be amazed to hear that any dismissal to a proposed marriage seldom happens, and as a rule the proposed lady of the hour and man of the hour will proceed with the wedding as arranged. This is on the grounds that the guardians of the lady of the hour and man of the hour do their due-industriousness and will as a rule go through years searching for an appropriate lady of the hour or husband to be. They go through endless hours meeting with the families and companions, â€Å"considering several distinct angles and examination focuses before the possible lady and husband to be ever meet each other† (Galt, 2011, 6). From numerous points of view the Indian culture is not quite the same as our own, we tend to be a greater amount of an individualistic culture while they tend be progressively collectivist. We are viewed as a low-setting society, while India is viewed as a high-setting society. We worth or freedom and post for our own personal matters over that of the gathering. In India, they esteem the gathering over the individual and accept that on the off chance that one falls flat, they all come up short. Despite the fact that we may contrast socially we are as yet comparative from various perspectives, the greatest being our degree of decent variety; we are both contained a wide range of qualities, ethnicities, and strict convictions.

Research and Decision Making Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research and Decision Making Assignment - Essay Example Perceiving the developing salary in India through the blasting of business process re-appropriating industry which expects laborer to work around evening time, the organization can pick to take into account call focus specialists who need espresso in during their days of work (India 2008). As espresso is showcased as an energizer on account of its caffeine content, Coffee Time can advertise itself as the essential decision for individuals who need to remain alert and enthusiastic in the midst of the pressure of being up throughout the night. For this, the organization should direct its own statistical surveying breaking down the segment, way of life, and culture of this specific gathering. Socioeconomics ought to basically take a gander at pay and age. Ultimately, the organization can prevail by deliberately altering its item contributions for its objective market. It ought to be noticed that India ought to be treated as a market separated from its tasks abroad. Along these lines, the item ought to be restricted by the explored inclination of the client.

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Book Riot is Reading Right Now

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Book Riot is Reading Right Now In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). Gird your loinsâ€"this list will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jamie Canaves (TW: sexual assault) I’ll Be Gone in the Dark: One Womans Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer by Michelle McNamara (February 27th 2018, Harper): McNamara never got over an unsolved murder in her neighborhood from her childhood and grew up to create a website where she worked on solving open cases. This is the case that consumed her: the East Area Rapist, which she would later name the Golden State Killer, who preyed during the ‘70s and ‘80s in California and was never caught. I’m halfway through and I’ve had nightmares, cried, and now fiercely love McNamara. (egalley) Steph Auteri This Will Be My Undoing by Morgan Jerkins: When I saw advance buzz about this book, I knew it was going to be awesome as hell, so I begged Harper Perennial to send me a review copy. A memoir in essays that tackles issues of race and gender in a refreshingly open and honest manner, it is thus far everything I was dreaming of. I am thisclose to finishing it and I’m going to crawl into bed early tonight to do just that. It pubs at the end of January, but you should probably just preorder it now. (paperback) Liberty Hardy House of Broken Angels by Luis Alberto Urrea:  A new novel (HOORAY!) about an ailing family patriarch who summons his relatives together for one last legendary birthday party. Every book from this Pulitzer-nominated writer is a damn treat. (galley) Kate Scott What Happened by Hillary Rodham Clinton: I’ve been meaning to read this since it was first published in September, but I decided to brave the Overdrive waitlist to listen to it on audio instead. I wanted to hear Hillary tell her story in her own voice. I’m about ? of the way in and it’s good. Better than I expected. And listening to it makes me sad and wistful. I’m glad she doesn’t pull any punches about how misogyny played a role in the election. Listening to this is helping me to finally process my emotions about what happened. (audiobook) Aimee Miles All the Real Indians Died Off: And 20 Other Myths About Native Americans by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and Dina Gilio-Whitaker:  Dunbar-Ortiz is the author of the successful An Indigenous People’s History of the United States. In her newest book, published in 2016, Dunbar-Ortiz and Gilio-Whitaker take on stereotypes and myths that exist today about Native American peoples. It’s not a cheerful book. Narrator Laural Merlington even gets a mildly fired up when reading a few particularly egregious parts. But the book does clarify ideas and realities about Native peoples for those of us outside the Indigenous community, which allows us to be better prepared to make positive change. (audiobook) Katie McLain You Will Know Me by Megan Abbott: Psychological suspense about the world of competitive gymnastics? Um, yes please. Also, I’ve had some bad audiobook luck these last couple of months, and listening to this book on audio has helped me bust out of that unfortunate rut. (audiobook) Dana Staves One Day We’ll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter by Scaachi Koul:  This book has the uncanny (and impressive) ability to have me laughing out loud and then to stop me in my tracks with beautiful writing, deep honesty, and a sharp view of the world around us. Koul feels like someone I want to have lunch and drink beers with, and since I can’t have that, I’m glad I have this book instead. Sarah Nicolas The Serpent King by Jeff Zentner: The author is scheduled to visit the library I work at in March and I’ve never read one of his books, so I just started this audiobook. It’s about three teenagers in a small Tennessee town dealing with their diverging paths after their senior year is over, but I also know it’s about grief so I’m all tensed up waiting for someone to die. (audiobook) Anthony Karcz IQ by Joe Ide: I was casting about for something to clean my palate after being disappointed by Artemis (man, that was a brutal sophomore slump) and grabbed this on the recommendation of fellow Rioter Shiri Sondheimer. Imagine if Sherlock Holmes was a young African American man in South Central LA and instead of finding ghostly hounds on the moors, he was tracking down pitbulls trained to assassinate rappers. Its literally worlds away from anything that usually pops up on my Kindle and I love it all the more as a result. (ebook) Danielle Bourgon Sorcerer to the Crown by Zen Cho: I’ve just started but I’m already in love with this one. The magic is so beautifully described and the POC main characters are so fantastic. The added feminist slant with the debate about whether or not females are too frail for magic has me over the moon (witchy pun intended). Brandi Bailey   When Morning Comes by Arushi Raina: My husband spent a decade of his childhood/adolescence in South Africa, so I will literally read anything that looks semi-interesting that is set there. It helps me feel more connected to him. Too be fair, this historical (are the 1970s considered historical fiction territory??) YA novel is way more than semi-interesting so far and I love the glossary in the back. (hardcover) Karina Glaser One of Us is Lying by Karen M. McManus: I’ve heard great things about this book, plus it’s been hanging out on the NYT bestseller list for months now, so I picked it up and now I can’t put it down. (library hardcover) Teresa Preston Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward: I’ve been meaning to read this since it came out, and its recent National Book Award win and its presence on the Tournament of Books longlist but it at the top of my TBR. (ebook) Rebecca Hussey Her Body and Other Parties by Carmen Maria Machado: This short story collection is much-hyped at this point but halfway through I’m finding that it lives up to every good thing said about it. (paperback) Emily Wenstrom From Cradle to Stage: Stories from the Mothers Who Rocked and Raised Rock Stars by Virginia Hanlon Grohl: I was minding my own business, tending to my author booth at Baltimore Book Festival when my husband came back from meandering, absolutely gushing about Grohl’s presentation and the fascinating, personal insights she shared from her interviews she did from this book with other rock stars moms, including those of Kurt Cobain, Dr. Dre, Amy Winehouse and many more. I’m a sucker for a glimpse into the creative process of a top artist, and I was hooked. I sent him back to get in line for a signed copy. Laura Sackton The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin: Before I dig into the final installment of Jemisin’s stunning Broken Earth trilogy, I decided to reread the first two books on audio. If possible, The Obelisk Gate is even better the second time around. It is lush and dark and so so smart, and the narration is killer. If you haven’t had the pleasure of listening to Robin Miles narrateâ€"well, anythingâ€"you are in for a treat. (audiobook) Being a Beast by Charles Foster Elisa Shoenberger Being a Beast by Charles Foster:  This book is about a man’s attempt to understand what life was as another animal, such as a badger, fox, and more. So he sets off to do it in an unusual way: he’d live in a hole, eat worms, wear a blindfold to help him better understand the world from an animal’s point of view. I’m not very far into it but it’s a fascinating reorientation of what it means to be one with nature. I heard about it from This American Life story last year. (paperback) Derek Attig Kangaroo Too by Curtis Chen:  This is its much-anticipated follow-up to Waypoint Kangaroo, which I adored, so I was thrilled for a chance to jump back into Chen’s strange and surprising world of space-faring spycraft. (ebook) Priya Sridhar Splitting Seams: Sewn Together by Laura Diaz de Arce and  Mary ONeill:  â€œComing apart at the seams” is an old idiom to describe things falling apart, or disaster destroying normalcy. In this case, twin girls born to a kind, cursed mother have to handle a conjoined existence, as one being. Iris then finds the spell keeping her alive is fading, and she can’t stay and wait for death. The beautiful illustrations undercut tragedy and cruelty. (ebook) Christina Orlando   Battleborn by Claire Vaye Watkins: I loved Gold Fame Citrus so much and I’m ashamed to say how long it’s taken me to get to Battleborn, despite having it on my shelf for a very long time. It’s safe to say I’m completely devoted to everything Ms. Watkins has published or will publish ever for the rest of my life. Ashley Holstrom P.S. I Still Love You by Jenny Han: Because I need something cute and fluffy to warm my heart. (paperback) Katisha Smith Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden: After reading The Giver again, I wanted to revisit another book. I chose Memoirs of a Geisha because I previously mentioned on my blog how it was one of the worst book-to-movie adaptations I’ve ever seen. Now, I’m reading the book again so I can watch the movie for a second time and officially rant about how awfully the movie interpreted the book. (library ebook) Rachel Brittain The Miniature Wife and Other Stories by Manuel Gonzales: I fell in love with Manuel Gonzales’s writing after reading The Regional Office is Under Attack earlier this year, and I was really eager to get my hands on his short story collection. He has such a rich and engaging voice in his writing, and I love that he tends to mix the fantastic with the ordinary. I’m only one story in, but I’m already hooked. (library hardcover) Tasha Brandstatter Want It by Elisabeth Barrett: Recommended by a friend. (ebook) Adiba Jaigirdar Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi:  I’m only a few chapters into this book and I am enthralled. So far, every chapter has been a rush, and has me wishing that I could read faster. There’s also some brilliant prose and some fantastic characters.  (egalley) Ilana Masad See Now Then by Jamaica Kincaid:  As has been the case for the last three months, I think, I’m reading this for class, and more specifically, for a paper. Let me tell you something, this book got some horrible reviews when it came out. Everyone in the New York literati scene and the Vermont music scene apparently took it REAL PERSONAL. And I am not pleased with them. People think this book is about Kincaid’s divorce and that it’s a big eff you to her ex. But you know what? Who cares? The fact is, it’s a literary FEAT, and it’s gorgeous, and it’s worthy of every comparison it did get to Virginia Woolf and then some. Yes, I have feelings about this book. It is amazing. Please read it.  (paperback) Susie Dumond A Discovery of Witches by Deborah Harkness: A dear friend gave this book to me for my birthday in June and I’ve been doing a terrible job at finishing it. Honestly, it’s just a really large book, making it hard to carry around, and I do most of my reading while away from home. But I really like it so far and I’ve committed to keeping it with me until I finish it! (Sorry Megan, I’ll finish it soon, I swear!) (hardcover) Megan Cavitt The Broken Kingdoms by N.K. Jemisin: I liked The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms so much that I immediately checked the sequel out of the library. I’m a capricious and dilettantish reader; I never read a series straight through anymore. But Jemisin, man: she’s that good. (library paperback) Bob Batson The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow:  I read Hillbilly Elegy and thought it was terrible. Arnow’s novel follows the same themes with far greater humanity.  (paperback) Jaime Herndon Dictionary Stories: Short Fictions and Other Findings by Jez Burrows (Harper Perennial, April 2018): a publicist sent this to me, and I was intrigued by the form, first off. Reading it, I keep asking myself how he came up with these ideas, and I love the inventiveness of the book. (ARC)   S.W. Sondheimer Nanoshock (SINless Book 2) by K.C. Alexander: like my colleague Anthony, I was super disappointed by Artemis and looking for something fun. Because my brain tends to conflate that with sweary and twisted, I dove into Nanoshock and I am enjoying the hell out of it. Gotta love the snarky, cranky, tough, unapologetic female protagonist with enough depth and nuance to surprise you from time to time. (ebook) Sarah S. Davis Sweetbitter by Stephanie Danler:  Once upon a time, I arrived in Manhattan by car hoping to start a new life, just like Tess, the young heroine of Stephanie Danler’s delicious debut novel. I’m loving this coming of age story set in the elite world of Manhattan’s restaurant industry, with lush descriptions of food and poignant observations about Tess’ education inside and outside the kitchen. JEssica Pryde Delaneys Desert Sheikh by Brenda Jackson:  Ive finally gotten through my other library books so Im going to start that Westmoreland Project I wrote about. Ive barely started, but I have the feeling this is gonna be hella fun. (library paperback) *** What are you reading right now?

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty

The Chou or Zhou dynasty ruled China from about 1027 to about 221 B.C. It was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and the time when much of ancient Chinese culture developed. The Chou Dynasty followed the second Chinese dynasty, the Shang. Originally pastoralists, the Chou set up a (proto-)feudal social organization based on families with administrative bureaucracy. They also developed a middle class. Although a decentralized tribal system at the beginning, the Zhou became centralized over time. Iron was introduced and Confucianism developed. Also during this long era, Sun Tzu wrote The Art of War, in about 500 B.C. Chinese Philosophers and Religion During the Warring States period within the Chou dynasty, a class of scholars developed, whose members included the great Chinese philosopher Confucius. The Book of Changes was written during the Chou Dynasty. The philosopher Lao Tse was appointed librarian for the historical records of the Chou kings. This period is sometimes referred to as the One Hundred Schools Period. The Chou banned human sacrifice. They saw their success over the Shang as a mandate from heaven. Ancestor worship developed. The Start of the Chou Dynasty Wuwang (Warrior King) was the son of the leader of the Chou (Zhou), who were located on the western border of the Shangs China in what is now Shaanxi province. Wuwang formed a coalition with the leaders of other states to defeat the last, evil ruler of the Shang. They succeeded and Wuwang became the first king of the Chou dynasty (c.1046 to 43 B.C.). Division of the Chou Dynasty Conventionally, the Chou dynasty is divided into the Western or Royal Chou (c.1027 to 771 B.C.) and the Dong or Eastern Chou (c.770 to 221 B.C.) periods. The Dong Zhou itself is subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (c.770 to 476 B.C.), which was named for a book supposedly by Confucius and when iron weapons and farm implements replaced bronze, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (c.475 to 221 B.C.). At the start of the Western Chou, the empire of the Chou extended from Shaanxi to the Shandong peninsula and the Beijing area. The first kings of the Chou dynasty gave land to friends and relatives. Like the two previous dynasties, there was a recognized leader who passed power to his descendants. The vassals walled cities, also passed down patriarchally, developed into kingdoms. By the end of the Western Chou, the central government had lost all but nominal power, such as was required for rituals. During the Warring States period, the aristocratic system of warfare changed: peasants fought; there were new weapons, including crossbows, chariots, and iron armor. Developments During the Chou Dynasty During the Chou dynasty in China, ox-drawn plows, iron and iron casting, horseback riding, coinage, multiplication tables, chopsticks, and the crossbow were introduced. Roads, canals, and major irrigation projects were developed. Legalism Legalism developed during the Warring States period. Legalism is a school of philosophy that provided the philosophical background for the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty. Legalism accepted that humans are flawed and asserted that political institutions should recognize this. Therefore the state should be authoritarian, demanding strict obedience to the leader, and meting out known rewards and punishments. Resources and Further Reading Paul Halsall on the Chinese DynastiesChinese History Zhou DynastyLegalism. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047627

Communication Cycle Health and Social Care Essay - 1393 Words

P2 Theories of communication -The communication cycle Effective communication involves a two-way process in which each person tries to understand the viewpoint of the other person. According to Argyle, skilled interpersonal interaction (social skills) involves a cycle in which you have to translate or decode what other people are communicating and constantly adapt your own. Communication is a cycle because when two people communicate they need to check that their ideas have been understood. An example of good communication involves the process of checking understanding, using reflective or active listening. Argyles stages of the communication cycle were an idea occurs, message coded, message sent, message received, message†¦show more content†¦This is difficult because you need to understand what the pain is and what the source of the pain is so that you can resolve the pain and provide a diagnosis, so if they can’t describe the pain you are unable to do so. You can be asking simple questions which may help you understand what sort of pain they are suffering, also by feeling where they claim the problem is and you can see from their reaction if it is painful, but not inflicting too much pain upon them. Using the communication cycle effectively will help. M1 How communication cycle may be used to communicate sensitive issues. * Ideas occur: the nurse will start thinking on how communicate to the wife and that she is going to be the one to tell her. She will ask herself what could be the best way to communicate and when and where she needs to communicate about the husband’s condition. This promotes effective communication. * Message coded: the nurse has thought about the ideas and has organized her thoughts; she knows exactly what she is going to say. She has to think about the voice tonality she should use in order to prevent the wife thinking the nurse is not bothered about the loss. 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Communication is the process of exchanging information, thoughts and feelings between people, through speaking, writing or body language. Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. This concept makes sure that the transmitted message is received and understood by the other person in the exact way it was intended. However the other person has to demonstrateRead MoreThe Cycle Of Communication By Michael Argyle1562 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment will start by discussing two well-known theories known as ‘the cycle of communication’ by Michael Argyle and ‘the stages of communication’ by Bruce Tuckman. Firstly, it will look at Michael Argyle’s ‘The cycle of communication’. The ‘Communication cycle’ is a frequently used theory of communication. It was originally established by Charles Berners in 1965. 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Communication is a two way process which two individuals participate in in-order to understand the view point and ideas of each other. â€Å"Communication is a cycle because when two people communicate they need to check that their ideas have been understood†. (Health and Social Care L3 book 1, page 18) This process however doesn’t always go accordingly, which then leads to barriers arising. Interpersonal interaction is theRead MoreCommunication Cycle1446 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. M1 Group communication In groups’ communication there are different people, some of them may like to talk a lot or be shy to talk. To make a group communication working everyone needs to be involved, and have some rules such a as when someone is talking no one is talking and everyone should listen to each other and have their own opinion or point of view. In heath and Soccial care setting group communication

Taxation in the United Kingdom Free Essays

Criteria of differentiate employment and self-employment Laid down some factors and tests by the courts, over the years, which are relevant may be useful to determine the nature of a contract. Right of Control The engaged has a right to control the employee but it is not necessarily must be used in practice. This kind of control usually used by engaged to control when and/or were the employee perform his/her services, how it is perform, and what tasks has to be performed but in some kind of work (where employee is an expert) this control will not be important. We will write a custom essay sample on Taxation in the United Kingdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under the self- employment the person who perform the work is usually free to choose when and where to do so. Financial Risk The main distinction in financial risk between employee and self-employment person is that the second one is ready to risk own money by buying a materials needed to perform the work, and also paying for overheads and bearing the running costs. The employed person not bear any expenses related to the conduct of economic activity. If any of additional cost in case of job overruns will be required the self-employed person must bear them on win risk. Equipment In this situation self-employed person might have to buy assets and equipment to perform particular job which has to be done. The employee is getting everything under the contract. Work performance and correction Also the engaged will be expected from the employee certain hours of work performed daily or weekly, and at the engaged premises, but it is possible to make an agreement between them to work flexible hour at the places accepted by both sides. If any correction will be required for the work done, self-employed person has to make that correction with no additional payment ND in own time, but employed person is still able to make that correction within the work time. Holidays and sickness The employee has a right to go for a holiday or take a sickness with no threat that that time won’t be paid (paid leave), the same situation for self-employed means that these days will be unpaid. Exclusivity That means the employee is hired by one only employer, and he/she is an integral part of the business. In self employment the person has usually more than one client and the person is not integral part of client business. 3. Concussions According to above tests and factors, which were applied to the case study, inclusions arises that Kathy should be treated by HOME as an employee rather than self employed. UK income TAX In I. J tax system we can define certain kind taxes into groups: direct taxes and indirect taxes. A. Direct taxes are charged on income, profits and we can to enumerate most important: income tax, capital gains tax, inheritance and corporation tax. B. Indirect taxes, e. G. VAT are charged Of spending and it is added to the price of the product or service bought. 1 Taxable person Individuals who are resident in the UK for a tax year are generally charged to income tax on all their income for the year. There are two exceptions to this general rule: A. Some forms of income are exempt from income tax B. UK residents whose home is not permanently in the UK to the extent that the income is remitted to the ASK. 4. Tax year Tax year for individuals also might be referred to as fiscal years or years of assessments and it runs from 6 April to the following 5 April. Any changes to the tax system are usually take a n effect from the start of next tax year. They are proposed in the annual Budget speech. 5. Self assessment Self assessment effects those who get sent a tax return or request a tax turn and particular it applies to the following groups of people: self employed, business partners, company directors, employee or pensioner with complied tax affairs, trustees. Individual’s liability for a tax year must be assessed if there is not possible to collect full liability for a tax year deducted at source or PAYEE system. In this situation that person at first must complete ‘self assessment tax return’. Taxpayer has to complete tax return and the amount of tax due and may be calculated by him/her and then check by HOME, or this calculation might be made by HOME if taxpayer prefer to do so. Self assessment tax return has a 6 pages basic document and might be added supplementary pages if needed for purposes of tax payer. There is a available shorter tax return documents which have got 4 pages and it contains simpler tax affairs. There is also a possibility to file tax return electronically by the HOME website. Tax return filling and summation dates are as follows: A. For paper returns – 31 October following the end of the tax year B. For electronically returns – 31 January following the end of the tax year It has to complete in full and taxpayer cannot omit any figures. 6. Payment dates First payment on accounts (POP) must be made by 31 January of the tax year. Second payment On accounts has to be made by 31 July next following tax year and final balancing payment or refund is made by 31 January. This is also first payment on accounts of the following tax year. 7. Procedures involved in application of surcharges, interests and penalties PENALTIES – TAX RETURN A. Penalties for late submission of tax return depends from length of being late and they are as follows: 1 day late El 00 and applies even when the tax own has been pair or there is no tax to pay 3 months late or each of the following day is E 10, up to 90 days Max IEEE 6 months late whichever will be higher IEEE or 5% of the amount due 12 months late whichever will be higher DEED or 5% of the amount due. When it is serious case the tax payer might rise up to 100% of amount due instead If any of documents submitted to HOME by a taxpayer leads to understatement of the amount tax due and it is because of careless or deliberate then single penalty applies. This is expressed as a percentage of potential lost revenue as follows: A. 100% if inaccuracy is ‘concealed and deliberate’ B. 70% in case that inaccuracy was ‘deliberate but not concealed ‘ C. In all other cases the percentage is 30%, also 30% if person liable to notify HOME Of under-assessment has failed to do so. How to cite Taxation in the United Kingdom, Papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Ministers Black Veil Essay Example For Students

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Ministers Black Veil Essay In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil, the author chooses to mask the character of the minister with the black veil to construct an allegory that would compare sin concocted by imagination with unrecognized sin of ones self. With the story being set in the Puritan time period of the settlement of New England, as nearly all of Hawthornes stories are, the reader can logically infer a certain set of value judgements. For instance, these people, being very sincere about their religion, are likely to see anything out of the ordinary, such as a black-veiled minister, as a serious issue that undermines their faith. On the surface the first sight of the veil not only confuses the congregation, but scares them as well. This man is supposed to be their most direct mode of communication with God, and to see him in what they perceive to be quite a bizarre condition, must make them feel that their religious lives may be in danger. Yet another character trait held by this community is its inability to cope with even the slightest bit of change. Something as trivial as a man covering his face with black crape paper literally whips this community into a frenzy. I dont like it(p.102), cried the old woman, Our parson has gone mad(102), cried Goodman Gary. Without even the slightest bit of investigation into the issue these people have brewed in their imaginations all sorts of theories as to what is so wrong with the minister. A third, and possibly most dangerous trait of the community, is its almost joyous inclination toward superstition. Whether you would like to call it Puritan myth or strait fact, this obsession with witchcraft and the supernatural is what made Puritan New England a dangerous place to live in the 17th century. This idea of the occult always seems to find its way into a Hawthorne story, and The Ministers Black Veil is no exception. Even the good doctor cannot help but mention, the black veil, though it covers only our pastors face, throws its influence over his whole person, and makes him ghostlike from head to foot.(p.105). The true allegory arises from these beliefs of the community, but does not wholly manifest it self until seen from the ministers point of view. Though he may contend that the veil personifies sorrows dark enough to be typified by a black veil.(p.109), it is possible to infer that the veil is actually somewhat of an experiment by the minister. On the surface he may e xplain its meaning by some undefinable scruples he may hold, but underneath it represents a test of the community. By donning the black veil the minister realizes his fear that the people of his community are more obsessed with a sin they are sure the minister is hiding from, then their own sins that they live in everyday. Even his fellow man of the cloth Reverend Clark believes the minister must have some horrible crime upon his soul(p.113). Not a single person realizes the intent of the minister until his deathbed utterance that defiles the virtue of the community. Proof positive of this realization of their fault is the fact that while the minister was alive these people couldnt wait to remove the black veil, but once he is dead, unable to stop them from unmasking him, the veil follows him to his grave. Perhaps it is reverence toward the painful truth revealed by the minister that keeps the veil on his face, but more likely it is simply left on in the rush to bury the man who bro ught to light such a less than virtuous shortcoming. .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a , .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .postImageUrl , .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a , .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:hover , .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:visited , .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:active { border:0!important; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:active , .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uffe409dfb92c41e9b653bc9555a7b18a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Enders GAme EssayLike so many of Hawthornes stories, the Ministers Black Veil personifies the fallible nature of a people so dedicated to living a life free of sin, when in fact they are simply ignoring the vices that rest under their own pillows. 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12 Crucial Tips to Protect Yourself from Cyberstalking

12 Crucial Tips to Protect Yourself from Cyberstalking If the idea of cyberstalking scares you, thats good. That discomfort is a reminder that you need to be alert and aware on the internet. Staying vigilant offline is important too. Your cell phone, Blackberry, your home call display all of these things can be manipulated by technology. Awareness is one step; action is another. Here are 12 tips that can prevent you from becoming a victim of cyberstalking. They may take a few hours to implement, but the payoff is protection from the hundreds of hours it takes to undo the damage of a cyberstalker. The 12 Tips Never reveal your home address. This rule is especially important for women who are business professionals and very visible. You can use your work address or rent a private mailbox. Just dont have your home address readily available.Password protect all accounts including cell phones, land lines, e-mails, banking and credit cards with a secure password that would be difficult for anyone to guess. Change it every year. Your secret questions should not be easily answered either. Former VP candidate Sarah Palins secret reminder questions were so easy to answer that a cyberstalker was easily able to gain access to her email accounts.Conduct an internet search using your name and phone number.  Be sure that there is nothing out there that you are not aware of. A cyberstalker may have created a craigslist account, web page or blog about you. Only you can stay on top of how your name is being used online.Be suspicious of any incoming emails, telephone calls or texts that ask you for your identifying information. The Caller ID Spoof can mimic your banks caller ID. It is very easy for a cyberstalker posing as a banking representative, utility, credit card representative or your cell phone provider to obtain your personal private information. If you are suspicious,  hang up and call the institution directly to be sure that you were not a target of a cyberstalker. Never give out your Social Security Number unless you are absolutely sure of who is asking for it and why. With your social as they call it in the business, a cyberstalker now has access to every part of your life.Utilize stat counters or other free registry counters that will record all incoming traffic to your blogs and websites. With a stat counter, you can identify who is viewing your site or blog easily because the registry records the IP address, date, time, city, state, and internet service provider. It is useful for marketing and it also provides a very valuable safeguard in the event that your website or blog is targeted.Check your credit report status regularly, especially if youre a business professional or individual who is in the public eye. Do this at least two times per year, especially if you feel that you may have a reason to be concerned. You can request a free copy of your credit once a year directly from the credit bureaus. It is worth the additional cost to pay f or it the second time. Go directly to each bureau; you will not damage your credit rating if you obtain a copy directly from the bureaus. Avoid paying third parties to obtain copies of the report because often the third parties charge more than what the credit bureaus charge and youll end up on another mailing list. If you are leaving a partner, spouse or boyfriend or girlfriend – especially if they are abusive, troubled, angry or difficult – reset every single password on all of your accounts to something they cannot guess. Inform your bank and credit companies that this person is not allowed to make any changes to your accounts no matter what the reason. Even if you are reasonably certain that your former partner is okay, this is a good practice for moving forward on your own. It is also a good idea to get a new cell phone and credit card that the ex doesnt know about. Make these changes before you leave if you can.If you encounter something suspicious – a weird phone call or an emptied account that cant be explained by your bank – it could be a cyberstalker so act accordingly. Change all your accounts, and ideally change banks. Check your credit report. Note anything else that appears strange. If you have more than one or two strange incidents per month, its possib le you are a target.If you think youre a target, have your PC checked by a professional. If you are already experiencing cyberstalking incidents, your computer may already be compromised. Have someone in the know check it for spyware and other viruses. If you think you have a cyberstalker, move fast. Lots of people dont take action because they think theyre crazy or imagining things. Record incidents – time, place, event. Victims of repeated attacks tend to become paralyzed with fear. Meanwhile, cyberstalkers often get such a rush off the first attack that it encourages them to keep going. The faster you take action and block their ability to hurt or harass you, the sooner they lose interest in their project.Get lots of emotional support to handle the cyberstalking period and to deal with the aftermath. It is normal to feel high levels of distrust and paranoia after a cyberstalking encounter. A lot of people will not want to deal with someone with a cyberstalker; it puts them at risk. You may feel isolated and alone. The best thing I did was learn to keep reaching out until I found the brave people who helped me put my life back together. Having support was what got me through but I had to fight for every bit of it. It may seem  backward  that we cant do more to protect ourselves from cyberstalkers. Lawmakers in the US need to grasp the urgency of the situation and pick up the pace if were ever going fight cybercrime with real legislative tools. While we work toward getting laws caught up with the speed of technology, for now, you are a pioneer. Like the Wild West, it’s every man, woman, and  child for themselves when it comes to cyberstalking. So take care of yourselves out there.

Orbital Space Debris

Orbital Space Debris Free Online Research Papers Orbital Space Debris The sun rose blindingly over the crest of the earth. The astronaut moved outside the Space Shuttle Discovery’s cargo bay in his Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). Held by the shuttle’s robotic arm, a damaged satellite hung about 800 kilometers above the earth and a few meters below the astronaut. As the space walker hovered closer to the satellite, he looked down to see clouds covering parts of America, including his home state of Nebraska. The satellite was damaged badly. Sporting only one solar panel, it had a broken metal arm that made merely a stub on the other side. The day earlier, they had intercepted the missing solar panel, burned and smashed beyond repair. Upon inspection of the damages, both in space and back on earth where the satellite was taken, it was confirmed that a small piece of foreign space debris was responsible for knocking out this civilian communications satellite. While in the vastness of space, an accident like this seems only realistic in a Hollywood movie, but this fictional description is more real than what people realize. It has been fifty years since the launch of the first satellite, Russia’s Sputnik. Since then, as is the case with rapidly advancing technology, satellites have only proliferated and become more entrenched in society’s existence. This has created an incredible amount of crowding in the earth’s orbit that will only get worse as time progresses. The current space debris is tracked by both the US Space Surveillance Network and US Strategic Command. They keep a data base of all objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) larger than 5 centimeters in diameter and all object in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) larger than one meter in diameter. There are currently 12 000 catalogued objects, of which only 850 are active satellites. Several thousand more cannot be catalogued because their origin is unknown. Several events in recent history have complicated the situation in the skies, however. The main source of orbital debris for the last half century was in fact the ordinary breakup of satellites in orbit, the wear-and-tear of constant use. In the 1980’s, the US and Soviets tested anti-satellite (ASAT) weaponry, leaving much shattered satellite debris. One US test was conducted in September 1985 and the last piece of catalogued debris decayed from orbit only three years ago. However, both the Soviets and the Chinese have resumed their ASAT testing programs earlier this year. In January of 2007, the Chinese used a kinetic-energy ASAT weapon to destroy their dysfunctional Feng Yun-1C, increasing its percentage of the total orbital debris to 20%. The next month Russia exploded a Briz-M rocket booster stage, raising its total percentage to 40%. The implications of this newly created space jam are numerous. While today, satellites are rarely damaged like the fictional account described earlier, orbital collisions are becoming more frequent. Through the nineties and into the current decade, collisions occurred about every five to eight years. Catastrophic collisions, involving total destruction of the objects that collided, were estimated to occur only every nineteen years. For different orbital radii, there are different risk levels. The most crowed highway around the globe is the 800 km elevation. Not only is the most debris concentrated at this altitude, but it is the most common orbital height for civilian satellites. Now, the countless remains of Feng Yun-1C and the Briz-M booster are circumnavigating Earth at that radius as well. The SSN predicts that because of the many small, un-chartable remains of those two satellites, the collision risk would nearly double. Collisions would occur every three to four years and catastrophes would fall in the five to ten year range. However, a majority of these particles, as previously stated, are very small. Therefore, it would seem that the danger posed by these objects is very low and almost negligible. Basic kinetic energy theorems would disprove this notion. These objects orbit with speeds around 10 km/s. Consider most of these to be around one gram. Taking kinetic energy to be the kinetic energy of one of these particles would equal 50 000 Joules. In comparison, a 100 kg mass traveling at 100 km/hr has only 38 580 Joules. Therefore, these collisions are extremely dangerous for orbiting satellites. NASA has implemented ordinances to prevent the spread of orbital debris. Also, in 2002, the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee set guidelines in place covering the production of such debris. The Orbital Debris Program Office issued a study in 2006 (before the Chinese and Russian ASAT tests) that some areas of space had already reached a super critical debris density. Therefore, these guidelines are of the utmost importance. However, there is no law passed to limit orbital breakup. The United Nations patterned guidelines after the IADC, and were seeming to be effective for some time. While there was a steady increase in orbital debris up through the mid nineties, it began to taper off into the new millennium. Unfortunately, the Russian and Chinese ASAT tests have caused a tremendous backslide in the effort to clear up the skies. While it may seem minor and insignificant now, the problem of orbital debris will only deteriorate as time progresses unless action is taken soon to mitigate the situation. The more debris placed into space, the more regions will become super critical in status. The future of safe space travel depends on the control and containment of our orbital junk. Wright, David. â€Å"Space Debris.† Physics Today. 60.10 (October 2007): 35-40 NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. 2007. 8 December 2007. . Research Papers on Orbital Space DebrisBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAWWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Childbirth Education Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Childbirth Education Assignment - Essay Example You can locate a childbirth class by calling your local hospital or birthing center, and by going to www.lamaze.org   2. Talk to at least one woman in the class (in person or by phone) about their perceptions of the class, and their feelings as the birth of their baby approaches. Talk to them after the birth of their baby, if possible, and have them share the story of their baby’s birth.   One of the most pinnacle points for a wife or for any female is giving child birth. Child birth is one of the most wonderful experiences that a female can ever experience in her life. Females tend to have different perceptions of child birth because of the prevalent ambiguities that are present due to social and physical factors. Majority of the women understand that childbirth is excruciating and painful. However, many women often feel that it symbolizes their womanhood and their strength. For most women, the attitudes towards childbirth seem to be a scary matter. One woman in the class discussed her fears as she stated, â€Å"Childbirth always scared me. To make matters worse, the whole idea of getting an epidural really scared me. I mean, the fact that a huge needle will be injected in my spine was really daunting. However, it was good to understand that it would have facilitated my childbirth and I was determined to use it only if I needed it. I also have bad feeling that I might have to undergo C-section. When it came to actually delivering the baby, I did not have time to take the epidural. However, the childbirth itself was painful.† Consequently, another female had a different opinion as she stated, â€Å"I had a very easy labor. The pain was bearable and I delivered without any complication. I was induced to take an epidural because everyone said it was going to be awful. I really wanted an unmedicated birth but I felt that I needed to take precautions with my first birth.† 3. Explore www.lamaze.org and find the content for pregnant women. Si gn up for the week-by-week pregnancy emails and follow the Giving Birth with confidence blog. Compare what you are learning in class and observing in clinical with the content of on the website.   One of the most intriguing things that parents have to adapt is to a whole new lifestyle with a newborn. In essence, most parents have to be organized and be prepared for emergency. Moreover, most parents are unaware of the hygienic conditions that are associated with newborns. One of the key elements that adults take tend to engage in is being overprotective about their newborn. In essence, they are too quick to play â€Å"doctor† and diagnose with their baby with a mild cough. These aspects are related to the nurturing elements that are associated with parents. Another element that was associated with Giving Birth blog was the perceptions that were discussed in class and constraints that were linked to post conception. Undoubtedly it is vital that a woman will continue to have m ore children and her experiences with her previous childbirths shape her perceptions of reality. It is evident that most health educators take the issue of post birth very seriously and engrave these concepts in the minds of their students. Another element that was heavily discussed in class that was also prevalent in the blogs was the emotional mindset of the young mother about her physique. Post birth, many women tend to feel

Applying the Doctrines of Entrapment and Outrageous Government Conduct Essay

Applying the Doctrines of Entrapment and Outrageous Government Conduct - Essay Example The need to balance the demands of law and order, on the one hand, and the rights of the accused to due process on the other, is the central dilemma that undergirds the debate. Fortunately, there are cases where the facts are of such clarity that it is not difficult to come up with a ruling that can be justified by both jurisprudence and the principles of the Constitution. It is respectfully submitted that this case is one of them. Based on the facts of the case, there is enough legal basis to rule in favor of the accused and grant his acquittal on the basis of the defense of â€Å"outrageous government conduct.† Outrageous government conduct The notion that behavior of state agents that â€Å"shocks the conscience† could constitute a violation of the right to due process of the accused and consequently, could secure the dismissal of the charges against him was first laid down in the case of Rochin v. California [342 us 165 (1952)]. In that particular case, the officers forcibly induced the accused to vomit capsules that they believed to be containing drugs. This decision served as the progenitor of the defense of â€Å"outrageous government conduct†, which essentially provides an extraordinary defense to the accused in a situation wherein the police had acted in an appalling, reprehensible manner that violated basic precepts of justice and decency. This was further refined in the case of United States v. Russell(1973):   "[W]e may someday be presented with a situation in which the conduct of law enforcement agents is so outrageous that due process principles would absolutely bar the government from invoking judicial processes to obtain a conviction (citing Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165. It must be underscored that only extremely exceptional cases should be considered here. A mere failure to disclose one’s role as an undercover informer does not come under the definition of outrageous conduct, as in the case of Hoffa v. United States [385 US 293 (1966)], nor does using an assumed name and identity in conducting at telephone transaction, as in the case of Lewis v. United States [385 US 206 (1966)]. In this case, while there is no showing that physical violence was employed against the accused, the behavior of the police officer Friday was equally egregious. He had practically forced the accused to commit the crime that he wanted him to commit, in a desperate attempt to have some output for his superiors who were expecting him to bust a drug ring. It must be noted that the criminal charges were for the possession of eight ounces of cocaine and conspiracy to distribute the same. The eight ounces of cocaine only came about because he forced the accused to get the other 4 ounces on credit, when the accused only wanted 4 ounces. But even more reprehensible is the use of Jane, who Friday knew to be someone that Bob had an eye for. The only reason that Bob was persuaded to proceed with the transaction was becaus e Friday deployed Jane to tell him that she would go home with him if he had the cocaine. It is even more reprehensible that Friday had engaged in sexual relations with this woman whilst undercover in his job, and using her to achieve his ends. This kind of behavior is truly galling and deserves reproach. Entrapment In truth, it may even be argued that the defense of entrapment is available to Bob. The Supreme Court makes a distinction between the defense of entrapment and the defense of outrageous government conduct, a distinction which was laid down in the case of Hampton v. United States [425 US 484 (1976]. The defense of entrapment employs a subjective standard, it means that for the defense to be available to the accused, he has to

History Of The Body Area Networks

History Of The Body Area Networks Abstract In the recent few years there is tremendous advancement especially in the field of integration circuit, small sensors and in the wireless networks.in body area networks (BANs) these devices considerably suitable for integrating in any scenario like health monitoring , in sport, and even in military prospective due to its considerable light weight , low power, and sensing capability. BANs provide cheap, reliable, and scalable system for monitoring daily activities for short to long period of time. But still there are a number of challenges issues like integration of devices, system designing according to the user scenario, security and privacy of the data, modification and social issues must be resolved in order for BANs to become ubiquitous. In our report we discus BANs background, its applications, and relationship. Introduction BANs (Body Area Networks) is a combination of micro and advanced Nano technology components for to improve the speed and accuracy of data recording. Generally BANs consist of small but sensitive sensors and actuators for monitoring and log data, then data sent to base station for storage. Users can access to this data in base station via internet or by other mean. BANs are actually a modern invention and primarily design for health industry (doctor and other staff) to monitor the health status. By taking the benefit of this technology we can monitor much more closely patients with chronic diseases like, asthma and diabetes. Doctor update the patients record quickly and efficiently to store general information of patients health. In United States and other part of Europe, they made different pilot programs to monitoring patients health status. They introduced bracelet with chips and antennas that can used to follow the patient position. They attached antennas on patient cloths to track him in the hospital and it send alert when he begins to collapse. A company is currently working on a project Healthy Aims [1] which focused on body devices that helps millions of people. Body Area Networks take low power radio frequencies (RF) and transfer the data of patients in real time. Doctors are able to monitor and change the setting for specific deployed devices on the body to improve the performance devices as well patient health. Pacemaker devices was produce 1960s have to endure pain and stress of surgery because it setup as a part of the body and send the patient health situation to RF transceiver, where it send directly to the doctor. This time interval always up to date the doctor about patient. By BANs Doctor an d his staff can access to patient record at any time so they dont need to visit the patient or patient dont need to visit the clinic, it is a good method in prospective of save time and money by visiting the clinic many time during the month or weeks. BANs is extremely compact and may be complex by its design, but as the sensor devices are very unassertive and a patient will be able to live a normal life. All sensors have same controlable mechanism like same element, power supply, and wireless transceivers. But they are design in such method that they can self-govern for the entire life [2]. They are designed for the measurement of temperature, movement, and location. Sensor and actuator implanted inside the body and they interact wirelessly each others in BANs and process data is transmitted from implanted devices to external devices. Mechanism of a actuator is like environmental agent. In BANs the data passes through sensor to sensor then sent to it base station where it can be transmitted to recipient via internet. 2 Body Area Networks History History about the body area network is not so old to go back many years to find out some material about BANs, taking advantages of some tiny useful technology in this sense is a new and unique idea. A number of different groups was work on PAN(personal area network) in Massachusett Institute of technology and that later grew out of the work on 1990s. The group actually wanted to get the information by interconnect different appliance on the body and to measure the position of the body by using electric field sensor. The main head for developing Personal Area Networks was Thomas G. Zimmerman. He introduces the new technology that allows the body to act like conductor. There was another name Neil Gershenfeld in that field who was in the Massachusett Institute of technology, incharged of the Media and Physics group. He and his group applied a method near -field coupling to solve the problem of determine the accurate position and its relationship with other parts, by fixing pairs of ante nnas on body part for example elbow and hand, and then run an electric current through them. They learned that as one move the capacitance of the circuit was charged. So they determine the exact position of the antennas after measuring the capacitance. There was a problem in the measurement method that the measurement was no longer accurate if hand was placed between the antennas but it was solved by the Zimmerman. There was actually another group working in the Media lab asked them to develop a network such that all electric gadgets that a person can carry are connected together. Many people carried digital devices around thereself but no one communicate to other.For example a person who has a mobile phone, a pager, a PDA or a digital watch mean all about his person at the same time. They both Zimmerman and Gershenfeld learned that, they can represent 1 or 0s, if they modulated the electric field which flowing through a person body,and allowing the body to carry digital information. At the end they discovered that if they used frequency and power that kept very low then the signal will not propagate far beyond the body. It mean that if devices could detect the signal on the body. This used of current at very low or small amount was unnoticed by anyone before. 2.1 Body Area Network Applications There are many possible application for communication like in the hospital, in patients monitoring system at home (post-operative care), use in a large scale throughout the world. There is also a list of BANs usages in various field like in sport, military, mesh, and in sport fields. Body Area Network Sports Applications In the present sporting arena many different readings are possible to take without having an athlete on a treadmill in a laboratory. It provide the platform to measure various levels during different competition in real life, for example in race, where coaches, need his pi athletes strengths and weaknesses. Body Area Mesh Network Applications The body area network consist of low-power and very reliable sensor networking. The low power usage allows longer life Batteries of motes or Gateways. The mesh network provides high reliability and long range communication. Mesh Networking is much more reliable and much capable of data sending Body Area Network Medical Applications Body Area Networks (BANs) can be used to provide interfaces for diagnostics purposes, in the hospital they used for administration of drugs, aid rehabilitation, and for remotely monitoring human physiological data. And for future prospective in hospital or at home it is used for monitoring the patient continuously and give required medication. So by this way patient need no more in the hospital with connected machines for monitoring. Body Area Network Military Applications Body Area Network has done a tremendous job in the military. So many of the military applications that we can use includes, their locations, health monitoring, their temperature and hydration levels, also very useful to enhance the strength, and many more factors for military prospective. 2.2 Body Area Network Devices 2.2.1 Body Area Network Sensors With rapid improvements in medical research, more and more health sensors have been developed to assist caregivers in monitoring their patients conditions. These sensors have been getting smaller, making it possible for the sensors to be worn or to be implanted into the human body. 2.2.2 Body Area Network Actuators The most significant products by any company would be the actuators. we can express an actuator as a device that transforms or converts energy into motion. Also applied as a force, an actuator usually is a mechanical apparatus that takes energy, normally constructed by liquid, air, or electricity, and converts that into a specific kind of motion. This particular product that would help build effective engineering designs in a safe and efficient manner and easily implemented anywhere according to the requirement. [3] 2.2.3 Body Area Network Devices usages Two main non-computer devices (sensors and actuators) can be used in BANs network. The main function of sensors are to measure human body parameters like temperature, electrocardiogram, heart beats rates and the pressure on the joints, These can be taken insidly or outsidely of the human body. Whereas Actuators have some particular action like to get the information received by the sensors and do work on instruction given by web or PDA. They are as following For monitoring muscle activity we can use an EMG (electromyography) sensor . For monitoring brain electrical activity we can use An EEG (electroencephalography) sensor. For monitoring trunk position we can use tilt sensor (TS). For monitoring respiration we can use breathing sensors. For monitoring heart activity we can use ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor. A sensor for blood pressure. To estimate a users activity we used movement sensors (MS). Description: http://www.sintef.no/upload/BAN.jpg Fig 2: A BAN on an Athlete : http://www.sintef.no/home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Instrumentation/Biomedical-Instrumentation/Body-Area-Networks/ . 2.3 Body Area Networking Before implementing the Body Area Network, a number of networking issues need to be solved. In this interferences when a node sends data (after processing) directly to central devices there is direct communication that might causes unnecessary rises of temperature in the tissues, there is another way data is sent through intermediate nodes to the destination by multihop communication. The data might pass to other nodes to the way to PDA if node attached to foot, that mean that at the same time the number of data pathways night exist in the same tissues. Node are like routers but it eliminate internal interference and more energy efficient. In PANs communication IEEE 802.15 standard used which basically sure that all group devices in the design of BANs should work with all togather. 2.4 Body Area Network Software UC Berkley in California is developed Tiny OS (Operating System) which is an open sourse operating system in used wireless embedded sensor network.OS is extremely small in sense of memory and code writing which make it suitable for sensor network where they use minimum memory. The search is going on by using this tiny OS in sensor networks to measure some extra ordinary work . For examples sensor networks that are used to monitor volcanic eruptions and tracking/tracing (for help purposes) of fire fighters in buildings. There is a another option available that is toolkit of MSR network embedded sensors that allow user to perform different actions like process the data, collect data, and also visualise data from sensor network. The search is still going on so let us see which development OS or MSR come fist but till yet both available for free download. 3. Challenges of Body Area Networks (BANs) Body Area Networks (BANs) consists of tiny sensor that actually placed around the body (attached on the skin or on the cloths), which take power from attached battery or from body. In BANs all the nodes communicate collectively to the central node (PDA) or other devices which are connected to the internet so data pass through to a particular person or to a particular application. There are a numbers of challenges still in BANs networks which must be overcome by engineer, they are as following: Power sources of life timer needs to be increased in the sensors networks (SN), or adopt different methods to get energy from other sources like body heat so it also should be perfected. The interaction of the different sensors or nodes and the main node like PDA, that should be designed in such a way that it allow some specialist applications to be written to perform particular functions for example disease management. The device needs to be intelligence in sense of memory and processing capabilities for processing, storing and transferring the data. To give a full and clear picture of human physiology, Sensor need to be integrated Physically, Chemically, and Biologically and the BAN components integrated for reliable and cost effective way. 3. Body Area Network User Cases . Body Area Networks (BANs) technology actually develop biomedical engineering according to the natural byproduct of existing sensors. Actually this technology is suitable for any scenario by its low bound of power and bandwidthHowever,there are many potential to use BAN technology due to its flexibility that is as following, Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) Integration of different mobile devices Different personal video devices (VD) Audio system of wireless (WS). Monitoring system for sport and fitness. Each case have unique requirement in term of bandwidth, power usage, signal distance and for latency. These cases use IEEE 802.15 standard which is use for different working group in wireless personal area networks (WPANs). So they think to use this standard within different devices for inside and around the body.And later they develop the standard for BANs and introduces a long range of possible devices to support this standard. For power balance and data rate the task group gave applications and appropriate devices for development. The figure below describe the comparison between power load and data rate in BANs. Fig (1) comparison between data rate and power.[1] In the above picture as we can see the range of different devices which can be used in BANs in comparison of power consumption and data rate. The table below also give us a full picture of devices that conform to work in a similar set of requirement, according to the demand of user case, yet still encompass a wide range and variety of devices Network setup time (Per device setup time excludes network initialization) Network Density 2 4 nets / m2 Startup Time Power Consumption ~1 mW / Mbps Network Size Max: 100 devices / network Latency (end to end) 10 ms Distance 2 m standard 5 m special use Effective sleep modes Operation in global, license-exempt band Effective sleep modes Peer to Peer, and Point to Multi-point communication Future proof Upgradeable, scaleable, backwards compatible Quality of Service Guaranteed Bandwidth Latency (end to end) [1] http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-08/ftp/ban/index.html 6. Zigbee wireless sensor technology ZigBee is the specification of a low-cost, low-power wireless communications solution design to fulfil the needs and requirement of our architecture. ZigBee is of high level Communication protocols using small, low power digital radios bases on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area Networks (WPANs). The Zigbee protocol standard contains the specifications of the network layer (NWK) and application layer (APL). Inside the application layer, functions are defined separately as the application support sub-layer (APS), the Zigbee device objects (ZDO), the Zigbee device profile (ZDP), the application framework (AF), and Zigbee security services. The comparisons of ISO OSI, TCP/IP, and ZigBee/802.15.4 are shown in the fig below: Fig 6.1.1 Zigbee with OSI Layers. Zigbee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, Zigbee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration. Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most significant improvement is the introduction of Zigbee device objects (ZDOs). These are responsible for a number of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join the architecture network, device discovery and security. Fig 6.1.2 Zigbee stack. 4. System Capability Requirements The characteristics of sensor networks and requirements of different applications have a vital role on the network design objectives in terms of network capabilities and network performance. The main design objectives for sensor networks include the following several aspects. Small Node Size:- Reducing node size is one of the primary design objectives of sensor networks. Reducing node size can facilitate node deployment, and also reduce the cost and power consumption of sensor nodes. Low Node Cost:- Reducing node cost is another primary design objective of sensor networks. It is important to reduce the cost of sensor nodes so that the cost of the whole network is reduced. Low Power Consumption:-Power is a major role in any System prospective. Reducing power consumption is the most important objective in the design of a sensor network. Since sensor nodes are powered by battery and it is often very difficult to change their batteries, it is crucial to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes so that the lifetime of the sensor nodes, as well as the whole network is prolonged. Self Healing:-In sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually deployed in a region of interest without careful planning and engineering. Once deployed, sensor nodes should be able to autonomously organize themselves into a communication network and reconfigure their connectivity in the event of topology changes and node failures. Scalability:-In sensor networks, the number of sensor nodes may be on the order of tens, hundreds, or thousands. Thus, network protocols designed for sensor networks should be scalable to different network sizes. Adaptability:-In sensor networks, a node may fail, join, or move. This result changes in node density and network topology. Thus, network protocols designed for sensor networks should be adaptive to such density and topology changes. Reliability:-For many sensor network applications, it is required that data be reliably delivered over wireless channels. To meet this requirement, network protocols designed for sensor networks must provide error control and correction mechanisms to ensure reliable data delivery. Fault Tolerance:-Sensor nodes should be fault tolerant and have the abilities of self testing, self calibrating, self -repairing, and self recovering. Security:- Sensor nodes are deployed in a hostile environment and thus are vulnerable to adversaries. In such situations, a sensor network should introduce effective security mechanisms to prevent the data information in the network or a sensor node from unauthorized access or malicious attacks. 5. Research Pappers. A number of major operations on Mobilehealth are being conducting all over the world especially in European countries like Sweden, Germany, Spain, and Netherland. It is used to monitor a limited range of condition in patient outside the hospital by the medical personnel. Germany: Telemonitoring of patients with cardiac arrhythmia. The Netherlands: Integrated homecare for women with high-risk pregnancies, Tele trauma team. Spain: Support of home based healthcare services, Outdoor patient rehabilitation. Sweden: Lighthouse alarm and locator trial, Physical activity and impediments to activity for women with RA, Monitoring the vital parameters in patients with respiratory insuffiency, Homecare and remote consultation for recently released patients in a rural area. [3] http://www.mobihealth.org/ But a number of different issues arose as a result of these trials like handover, operator errors, data rate fluctuation, and the most common issue of power supplies insufficient. There are also some other issues like privacy and security (For instance, will the data that is being transferred remain private or is it secure), control and legal issues (may someone send false information to the network ) regarding BANs. If someone tell it to perform some dangerous function like make a patient warm or overdose, or is this legal to inform someone like companies that are interesting about its work weather he/she has weak heart or having any kind of disease in advanced BANs. Lastly some imported functions are operated and controlled by the computer that can be damage or stop working at any stage and the actuators that regulated the flow of certain chemical in the body stop then who is responsible, so these issues need to be address before BANs applied in the daily life routine.

Homeless Bedford Reader

Joseph Papalexandrou The essay I am analyzing is homeless written by Anna Quindlen. The essay can be found in The Bedford Reader 10th edition. My curiosity it what brought me to this essay. The topic I am writing about is homeless citizens. What interests me about homeless people is that it never seems to bother them where there living. What also gave me interest is how do homeless people feed themselves with no money?I always wonder why homeless people don’t look for money on the streets and save what they find buys a pair of clothes and go for a job interview at McDonalds. The overall message in this essay is that people make what they have home. If it’s living in a box or on the street they will always call that place home. It doesn’t matter what you have but how you feel about what you have. If you’re ok with where you call home then that fine. The real message in this essay is that not all people depend on items or things they have to make them happy. The overall tone in this essay is subjective and personal. Anna is trying to do a story on homeless people, and she found women called Ann on the back of a bus. Quindlen tries to get some information out of the women at the back of the bus and she is having a hard time doing so. In the story Quindlen goes back and forth with how she doesn’t see the big picture in things. But she does bring up some personal information. There are no images in this essay although there the Quindlen likes to make a lot of understatements.She says that it’s not where you live or how big it is but that it’s the place you call home. So basically living in a box you can call home and it doesn’t matter because it’s your home. That is a very big understatement. A lot of people like stability to be able to feed themselves everyday and be clean. The details and evidence that I found to support the main message in this story was when quindlen wrote â€Å"They are not the home less.They are people with no home. (Quindlen 200) That pretty much gives me the feeling that she is saying that there is no right to look down on someone because they have no home and that it gives us no right to call someone homeless. In this essay there are logos & pathos. In the essay Quindlen started to do to a report on homeless people and she even mentioned that she never seen the big picture up until she met Ann on the back of the bus. Quindlen started to no longer call homeless people homeless she instead refers them to people without a home.

Uses of ICT

This section will discuss the background of the study, the statement of the problems, the objectives of the study and the method and limitations of. BACKGROUND. The integration of Information and communication technologies (ICT) into the curriculum is one of the most challenging tasks facing schools. It raises fundamental questions regarding the purposes of schooling and the nature of the curriculum. Information and communication technologies (ICT)—which include radio and television, as well as newer digital technologies such as computers and the Internet—have been touted as potentially powerful enabling tools for educational change and reform. When used appropriately, different ICTs are said to help expand access to education, strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process connected to real life.. The effective integration of ICT into the educational system is a complex, multifaceted process that involves not just technology—indeed, given enough initial capital, getting the technology is the easiest part! —but also curriculum and pedagogy, institutional readiness, teacher competencies, and long-term financing, among others. The positive influence of ICT in schools continues to rise and can no longer be denied. Although, as yet, ICT is by no means at the heart of our education system, it is now widely recognised as an essential tool for learning in the twenty-first century. Indeed, it is vital that today’s children are enabled to take advantage of lifelong learning if they are to survive the constant pattern of change that is likely to mark their working lives. This means not only being comfortable with ICT as a medium, but also being able to exploit its potential to the full and understanding the ways in which ICT can make learning more effective.

Information systems development research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5498 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? TASK 1 Question 1: Comparison of Modes of Enquiry. A set of multiple elements that are attached and dependent on one another is called a system. An enquiry system is used to determine different elements in a system i.e. Information System. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Information systems development research" essay for you Create order The goal of a system can be achieved by breaking down a complex system into sub systems and reaching a level where the system cannot be broken down further. Positives and negatives of different modes of enquiries can be determined on basis of real world situations. (Flood.L.Robert, p 215-221). The different types of modes of enquiry are Simple, Complex and Innovative. Inductive-Consensual This mode of enquiry is a series of steps that allows us to have an outcome on basis of limited set of observations. Only one conclusion can be considered with these formulated observations. The different kinds of analysis that can be used in this method are analogous, historical or multiple independently sourced. The problem is first developed by decision maker after which a set of possible results can be given. Analytic-Deductive This mode of enquiry views the world as a formula and often logical consistency is highlighted. This method leads the decision maker to the truth. The identification of plausible solution can be reached by dividing issues into many parts by completely understanding each component. This mode of enquiry has the objective to identify the issue based on classified component, to get some perceptive details and solution parts by parts. Analytic-Deductive Method is an organised and standardized approach because it makes computations based on numbers or mathematical formula. This approach is less subjective as figures and values are used to ascertain the problem, allowing derivation of the solution easier as well as objective. Being the solutions derived from the formula, inaccuracy is reduced. Multiple Realities This mode of enquiry helps in decision making process.In this enquiry mode, complexity of data or information increases and needs more strategic ways so that certain solution is derived. This approach does not only adhere to the identification of a particular solution or outcome because problems are represented in broader and wider perspectives. In this way, management or decision maker will become more involved and may have many factors to choose from. This method has less number of limitations as compared to other methods of enquiry. As an example, the factors for judgement are not restricted to a definite number. Therefore, analysis can be made up of all facets, issues and solutions related to model or problem. As all the factors will be considered so the development of analogy would be accurate. The problem can be created by providing its holistic view by the decision maker. (Ellis, Keith, R., 2005, p 199-214) Dialectic Another method is dialectic approach that helps in making decisions. This method is used to provide dissimilarities between tradition and typical assumptions. This enquiry system is helpful in creation of decision making process that is free from obstacles and progressive. One of the advantages of dialectic approach is that process to make decisions is similar to conflict issues as indicated in the enquiry. Two opposing stand points for a particular issue can be viewed by the decision maker. With this approach the management can critically determine if the integration of business strategy with information technology can be helpful or would be ineffective to boost the performance of the business. (Ellis, Keith, R., 2005, p 199-214) Unbounded Systems Thinking This method allows the decision maker to have good knowledge in all fields and circumstances to come up with the most suitable action, solution or conclusion. This mode of enquiry also enables the decision maker or management to select from what he or she thinks would be most productive and suitable enquiry system to utilise for a particular issue. The decision maker can provide unlimited number of factors and issues about the given information instead of restricting himself to constraints to a certain idea. In line with the use of internet, this enquiry system is advantageous since the internet itself provides many challenges and conception which have to be given a careful thought to have a favourable end result. Question 2: Development of a plan for carrying out the research for Tasks II and III. These three steps to carry out the research. They are as follows:- Step 1: Defining the Research project This step includes purpose of the research; time allotted for the research and what needs to be found and why that finding is necessary? The purpose of the research is basically to accumulate human knowledge. This can be achieved through deduction or reasoning. The underlying reasons for this research are as follows;- To describe the impact of online shopping on MNC using Pest analysis. Impact of technology on IS Strategic planning and IS development. Problems of IS strategic Planning on MNC. Elaborate the ethical issues such as data accessibility. Step 2: Developing a Research Plan The resources used in this research were Internet, library, journals and magazines. Search engines like Google and Bing were used to find information related to research. Step 3: Research and Review Findings The research was conducted keeping in mind the purpose of research and resources which were available related to research topics. The findings of the research are already available in the Questions asked in Task 2 and Task 3. The researcher deduced that the methods of enquiry and Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) are beneficial whenever a problem situation is encountered. In the implementation of the concepts, different systems perspective is taken into account in order to achieve primary purpose. Question 3: Method of Enquiry chosen to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the approach. The mode of enquiry system chosen was Unbound Systems Thinking also known as Innovative Enquiry. As this method believes that every one of the sciences and professions is considered fundamental and none is superior to or better than any other. Therefore, this enquiry system is better than any other enquiry modes. It also believes that imaginative approach can be used to establish solutions and other suggestions and ideas can be considered. This enquiry system indicates that everything interacts with everything, Problem is a mess, and it is incapable to have inflexible definition of the problem. It makes the use of thinking system to determine imaginatively the problem. This mode of enquiry is not partial and all types of learning, not only to hard sciences and/or its models and theories are taken into consideration. TASK 2 Question 1: Pest Analysis Impact of Online Shopping on MNC. The way of shopping where customers purchase products or do shopping by visiting online pages is called a Online Shopping. these online shopping website are called electronic stores, electronic shops, webstores, internet shops etc . (Wikipedia, 2010) The number of staff required is reduced as a result of online purchase and thereby reducing costs. Online Shopping is easy and effective way of shopping for customer to buy products online and recieve them in different parts of the world. (Wikipedia, 2010). According to Global Nielsen Consumer Report, February 2008, online shopping is gaining momentum in todays world because it is less time consuming and allows the consumers to sit in the comforts of the home and getting the product and services delivered at their door-step with payment being made through credit cards .According to this report, main items that are brought online include books, footwear and clothing. Impact of Online Shopping on MNCs Using Pest Analysis. The nature of most online businesses are global. so there are some concerns as well in online shopping as well. these four concerns political, economic, technological and social. these can be different from country to country, The rules and regulations of a particular country have to be taken into consideration before planning is done to sell in that country. The decisions of the managers of a particular organization will be effected by many factors in the macro-environment. New laws, tax changes, trade barriers, government policy. Demographic change is all instances of macro change. (Kotter, J. and Schlesinger, L.,1991, p 24 29) To help ascertain these factors, senior executives can classify them using PEST Model. This classification differentiates between: INCLUDEPICTURE https://smehro.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/pest.png?w=604h=485 * MERGEFORMATINET Figure: Pest Analysis Political Factors: These factors indicate the government policies such as degree of government i nterference in the economy. This factor also includes the formal and informal rules of a particular country in which organization has to function. For instance, the UK political effect on UK sales and marketing, if the company will stay within the law, the sales of the company will be low because of the sale of age restrictions, i.e. under age sale of alcohal. the other examples of political facors are as under. Policies of government related to tax. Laws of government on employment of that country. Regulations and restrictions imposed on import and export of goods. Regulations related to safety of employees. Rules and regulations related to competition. Economic Factors: These factors include rate of interests charged by financial institutions of that country, the rate of exchange from one currency to another, steady growth in productive capacity of the economy which will further help in growth of national income, phases of the business cycle and confidence of con sumers. A firms behavior can have a major impact because of economic change like: Investments can be deterred because of high interest rates as it costs more to borrow. Exporting could be difficult because of strong currency as it may increase the price in terms of foreign currency. Costs can be increased because of high wage demands from employees provoked by inflation. The firms products may get a boost demand because of higher national income growth. Social Factors: The demand for a firms products can be affected because of changes in social trends and the accessibility and eagerness of individuals to work. For instance, in a country like UK where population has been ageing has increased the costs for firms as they are determined to pay pensions for their staff members because they are living longer. So, older employees can be recruited to tap into this growing labour pool. This ageing population has great impact on demand: for instance, demand for sheltered accomm odation and medicines have grown up whereas demand for toys is decreasing. Prediction of social factors is difficult. For instance, predictions about social networking sites like Facebook or My Space or SMS messaging would be so popular. If the companys business is bound to have a social impact then the company needs to develop price control to stop which effects that turnover.it may be useful for the companies to do research in new areas of marketing and advertisement. there are different ways to do that. for example putting a search box in your website and have a continuos look on that searches. by doing this the company can add or subtract new products depending on the results of the searches. Technological factors: Technology helps a lot in developing new products. Automation in various industries like manufacturing, processing, chemical etc makes the use of technology. There are many advantages of technology like reduction in costs, improved quality of products and services and innovation.( Pugh D.Wills,2006, p 2) Both consumers and organizations can be benefited by these developments. Staying ahead of crowd will be possible if the company stays ahead of technology and will also benefit the customer. But the company has to careful about technology as some technologies would not be liked by customers and the company would end up costing the money and not helping the business. Example of Pest Analysis: Pizza Hut Introduction and History of Pizza hut Frank and Dan Carney launched an idea of pizza restaurant In 1958. the pizza restaurant was so small that it has only 25 seats and they can write only 9 letters on the sign. there restaurant building look like a hut, so they named it Pizza Hut. After fifteen years later, they open a first UK restaurent and now it becomes the first biggest pizza company in the world. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PIZZA HUT Research was conducted on Pizza Hut for PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis. i. POLITICAL ISSUES: Political issues include regulatory frame work operating in judicial system which may affect the business in different ways. As there is lack of competition so there are not many political factors affecting Pizza Hut. The organization has to follow rules such as laws on business employment, pollution and taxation. ii. ECONOMIC FACTORS: There is a green signal for business if the GDP of the country is good because it will increase the per capita income of the people and and they will spend more money. In the beginning of any month, most people spend more and visit Pizza Hut more often. When the inflation rate increases the cost of raw material also increases and this leads towards high prices of the products and vice versa. iii. SOCIAL FACTORS: Pizza Hut originated from America so the company is overwhelmed by western culture. It is a multi national co mpany. The society consists of all classes from upper to lower. The organization can be affected by cultural norms, values, beliefs and religion of a particular country. iv. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Technology is evolving at a faster pace. New and efficient technology used at Pizza hut will result in efficient services to the customers. Due to new technology there are new ways of marketing like internet; telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. Management information system is the best way to collect customer data which can help companies to make right decisions. Question 2: SSM IS Strategic Planning and IS Development Most of all, the organization should know the future vision, what they wishes to have. the key to unlock the competitive future of the organization may be Technology and if used wrongly, it may result in problems that will be faced by the whole structure of the organization. With the help of technology, external business environment can be easily scanned by organizations to gather information or data that can be useful in decision making on resource allocation in a way that it should be the on the best standards and should have a maximum use of it. The decisions are made faster, ideas are shared and information is easily communicated with the help of technology. Organizations can also benchmark from other companies strategies that could be used to reach objectives with the help of internet. the best information system Strategic plan with state-of the-art technology reflect the best practices. When best system implemented, if provides the best results with minimum overhead costs. these types of systems concentrate on contouring the procedure and improve productivity. ( Avison, 1991, p 98 112) SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY Peter Checkland developed the Soft System Technology in UK in Late 60s. in the start, its emphasize was modeling tool but after few years it becomes the learning and meaning development tool. Soft Systems methodology Process SSM is widely described as a seven-stage process, as follows: Determining the problematic situation that it is desired to intervene in Researching the situation and building a rich picture (interpretive representation) of it Choosing perspectives and building root definitions (key processes that need to take place within the desired system) Developing a conceptual model of the change system Comparing the model with the real-world situation Defining the changes to be implemented Taking action. Stage 1: Determining the problematic situation that it is desired to intervene in It involves identifying and providing brief description of the situation that is desired to intervene in. The first part of SSM is normally done by those involved in or affected by the issues coming to an agreement about the situation that needs attention. Attention should be given not to formulate the issue as a problem to be solved as this can lead to too narrow approach at an early stage. The situation has to be acknowledged, explored and defined in the first step. So first we decide what it is we are actually exploring. We assess the general area that interests us instead of defining the problem. Data is collected whether it is qualitative or quantitative by whatever method seems suitable e.g.: surveys, observation or measurement. There are no restrictions placed by any formal definitions or organizational boundaries and works as goal free evaluation. Stage 2: Researching the situation and building a rich picture (interpretive representation) of it In second part, rich picture is developed. The objective here is to build representation of the situation in which intervention is desired. The overall situation should be described by rich picture. Formal Research Techniques or Unstructured Approaches can be used to gather information. The most important benefit of rich picture is that it gets information and perspectives from the widest possible range of sources.(Ledington 1988, p 31 36) The picture can be represented visually rather than just as text. Here, the situation needs to be expressed with all its richness. The main items that should be included in picture are: Structures, Processes, Climate, People, Issues expressed by people and Conflicts. Stage 3: Choosing perspectives and building root definitions (key processes that need to take place within the desired system) The third part involves analyses of the people-dimension situation. it highlight the main players of the situation and the view or perspective of the world. This will find the client who will cause intervention to happen, the professional who will utilize or guide the SSM process and the owners of the issues addressed. All of these can be the same people. The cultural environment, politics and power relations can also effect the situations. In system development, methodology is the most and important activity which needs to be understand well before draw a picture. It will be very complex task to address all these perspectives as a whole. Situation would become more clear by addressing key perspectives individually, understanding their implications and then making use of those understanding while re-integrating these perspectives into a set of evaluative conclusions and suggestions for future action. The next step involves choosing a particular perspective and put it through a very structured and rigorous model development process. At this point it can be useful to carry out a CATWOE analysis, which will draw in part on the Stage 1 analysis. CATWOE is a mnemonic for: Customer, Actors, Transformation process, World-view, owner and environmental factors. Customers: people who are affected by the transformation Actors: the people who perform the activities in the transformation Transformation process: stating what is changed and to what World-view or perspective from which the transformation is meaningful Owner(s), i.e. the person or people who control the transformation Environmental / external factors, i.e. anything that constrains the transformation. Each process in SSM is normally indicated in form of Root Definition which is either a short paragraph or a long sentence in the format Do action P (what), using method Q (how), to (help) achieve result R (why). Transformation (T) is the initiation point. Once the Transformation is identified, the process can proceed to determine other key elements of the system. Stage 4: creating a conceptual model of the change system Using the root definition you draw up a conceptual model using systems conventions. This involves evaluating the change model against the situation and is usually represented by the rich picture and associated analysis. Sometimes, further development of rich picture is required and there are modifications to be made in change model. The other objective of this stage is to develop common understanding of the change and change processes among key actors and stake holders involved. This stage should look for accommodation or major acceptability not total consensus which may not be possible due to differing perspectives. Stage 5: Comparing the model with the real-world situation Now the model is compared with reality, insights drawn from that comparison, and ideas for improvements determined. This is the real powerhouse of the methodology. Checkland suggests four ways of doing this: Unstructured discussions Structured questioning of the model using a matrix approach Scenario or dynamic modeling Trying to model the real world using the same structure as the conceptual model. Stage 6: Specify the alteration to be enforced This stage will be different as it will depend on a particular change project but it includes developing the changed model into concrete plan. Formal Project management Protocols will be useful at this stage. A less structured approach can also be suitable. Here, The methodology will not be series of steps and will become cyclic in nature. Possible Intervention are explored on basis of analysis. Stage 7: Take Action. This stage involves keeping track of the effects of the project by monitoring and investigation. this is a research section which highlights the basic problems and its solutions. this stage can return to the stage 1 to detect how the system should be made to view the clear and better picture and how the change can differentiate the better than the previous one. TASK 3 Question 1: Possible problems that may be faced by MNC while developing Information systems. the way of combining or developing a companys business strategy with an effective computer based information to achieve the maximum benefit and its goals is called the strategic information system planning. the main objective of the SISP is to align the companys business strategy with its information technology strategy. SISP is very important because the company spent a lot of resources (money, time, human resource) to develop it. the team face a lot of problems while its on his way to develop it. (Newkirk, Ledererand Srinivasan,2003, p.201 228) there can be a problem of specification gap between the statement of the suggested system and more facts required for potential system enforcement. (Hevner, Studnicki, 2000, vol. 4, pp.4005). A specification gap in SISP can be checked in the development of bigger system. he system design teams recommend a system to develop and some time fails to explain the the important issued. the this recommend or developed system come to the pro gram developer team where they input their knowledge. on the other hand the system design team is always their to help or explain them the issues. but some time what happened. the system design team could not help the programmers to resolve the issue and pressurize them to do it. Productive design methods must establish a discipline in which validity and completeness are enforced at all levels. (Earl M, 1993, p 1 24) As the response to the difficulty of Specification gap, the use of box structure methods is recommended. They provide valid and completeness to specify proposed IS solutions that bridge the specifications gap to productive system implementation. there are lot of important issues which can bring success to the projects recommend information System Plan. the failure of the SISP projects are oftenly seen the problem of effectively implementation of IS solutions. there are lot of reasons for failures of the projects there can be shortage of resources, lot of changes etc . The overarching reason for implementation failure is the huge Specification Gap between the recommended IS solutions and the knowledge necessary to actually implement the desired information systems. SISP methodologies require IS personnel to devote substantial time and effort to requirements of the desired systems. The managers satisfaction with the SISP methodology , the resources required to implement the methodology ,process, outcome and final implementation were also rated as factors for unsuccessful IS plans. The two problems that were of major concern were difficulty in getting senior management commitment for implementing the IS plan and the requirement for further analysis in order to carry out the plan. It is often seen that SISP methodologies may come out with good IS plans but the companies lack management commitment and control processes to ensure that they follow the IS plan. Lederer, Albert L and Sethi (1996, p 35 62) see that strategic planning should be aimed at building robust information management foundation for long term management of information and its supporting technologies, and to: Analyze current and future information requirements of the corporation that reflect close alliance of business and IS/IT strategies, aims and functions. Ascertain management policies, creation, maintenance , control and accessibility of business information resource IS/IT functions should be repositioned centrally in the corporation with representation at senior management High quality systems can be built and maintained by ensuring that IS architecture is sound. Analyze a portfolio of abilities that will be required over the lifetimes of the plans. Ascertain a productive and attainable corporate structure for the IS/IT function. There should be an acknowledgement of shared responsibility between IT/IS and corporate people for the successful implementation of IS plans. Question 2: Ethical Issues of Strategic Design Information Systems have provided managers with better information, enabling managers with better decision making. Effective Information Systems can be a source of valuable information which can have competitive advantage. Managers control and coordinate using the system. there are some security challenges in using information system which poses serious ethical questions and affects society in a number of ways. there are number of ethical issues in the areas of employment, working conditions, crimes and privacy. (Reilly and Kyi, 1990, p. 691 698) Information ethics are categorized into for main parts namely Privacy, Accuracy, Property and Accessibility. There are two forces threatening privacy. The first is the growth of information technology with its improved capacity for scrutiny, communication, calculation, storage and access of data for subsequent use. The second one is the information value in decision making. Policy makers are highly interested in information; they de sire it even if acquiring that information invades privacy of another individual. Information systems are created and information is stored in databases which might be helpful in decision making. So, it becomes a responsibility that the information in databases has to be accurate. Today, information is produced about so many people and their activities that our exposure to problem of inaccuracy is enormous. Intellectual Property Rights is one of the most difficult issues faced by our society. Several economic and ethical fears are attached to property rights; fears related to special attributes of information and the ways by which information is conveyed. It can be extremely expensive to produce information in the first instance. Information can easily be reproduced and shared with others after it is produced for the first time. The original information can be copied without destroying the actual one. Therefore, information is difficult to safe guard and it becomes communicable. When somebody else uses your information then it becomes difficult to secure appropriate reimbursements. (Besan and Kirby, 1989, p 255 280) Top management in every corporation needs information for strategic decision making. there are a lot of managers who are using computers or have direct access to to the computerized informations. so when manager/Senior management involves in the companys information and sees some problems, this information travels throughout the company then it becomes the responsibility of the company. the problem solving activity becomes faster and are more chances to solve it or decide what to do with problem. there are some issues as well who can access the informations. this access needs to be controlled by the top management that who have the right to access the information. there should be some proper measure to stop any unauthorized person to view the informations. ( Premkumar and King,1994, P 75-109). Information system failure can occur because of the following reasons:- The developed system does not meet the objectives, requirements or specifications laid down for it. It is also assumed that the system objectives, requirements and specifications are determined in the early phases of system development. There are weaknesses in the system development process due to poor planning or incorrect estimation of resources required. This results in workable delivered system but with additional cost and time. The delivered system may be reduced in scope or complexity to reduce the impact of process failure. Here, the system is either rejected or not used as intended by its users but meets its stated objectives, requirements and specification. Such systems may be avoided by their users in favor of unofficial shadow systems, often developed by the users themselves. In this case, there are multiple stakeholder groups that are involved in development of information systems. 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